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International Relations And Global Politics - 2443 Words

Kegley and Raymond stated: â€Å"The shape of the world’s future will be determined not only by changes in the objective conditions of world politics, but also by the meanings people ascribe to these conditions.† Terrorism is presently a major factor in international relations and has impacted the world to change in many significant ways. Terrorism is a political ideology that has been problematic in defining definitely because of its various interpretations around the world, as well as the fact that it is constantly evolving. Since the terrorist events of 9/11, the lives of many have been changed forever. A small group of individuals, which are a mere fraction of the population of the world, have managed to impact and shape the way international and domestic relations are looked at and handled. People question how secure and safe they feel due to uncertainty of public safety because of events such as 9/11. The war on terrorism in the 21st century has certainly and ine vitably changed the landscape for global politics. However, the relationship between terrorism and global politics is troublesome and in ways problematic to describe accurately. Both terrorism and global politics individually are complicated phenomenon. It is erroneous to propose that one is responsible for the other or vice versa, but they are inextricably and inevitably linked. In the study of international relations, there are multiple theories and theoretical perspectives. In this essay, realism and liberalismShow MoreRelatedNon-State Actors Affected International Relations1225 Words   |  5 PagesNon-State Actors: Have an ability to affect International Relations 1 Introduction By the Peace of Westphalia ended the thirty years war, began the world politics and began the establishment of political system. There are global organizations controlled by states like United Nations (UN) and regional organizations which are the members from the nearest area with the same ideologies and take same principal of the organization like European Union (EU). Other side there are informal organizationRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Iran1426 Words   |  6 PagesSince the 4th century, the Persian world has held great might in world politics. In 1979, Iran was officially established and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since then it has been an active and vocal player in world politics. It’s rich history of political revolutions have inspired new waves of government control, tyrannical and benign leaders, and great cultural change over time. The strong religious beliefs expressed by the people of this nation are both a form of unity and disunity that cause widespreadRea d MoreChallenges of International Relations966 Words   |  4 Pagesbe answered in regards to international relations first. Are states obsolete? For almost four hundred years, the territorial state has been the primary player in world politics. To achieve state sovereignty has been the main goal of most nationalistic separatist movements. In some points of view, the territorial state is in very good health. It is still needed to provide military security, give people identity, raise taxes, and provide for the needy. Although, as global trends put pressure on nationsRead MoreThe Five International Relations Theories, Realism, Liberalism, And Feminism1241 Words   |  5 PagesThree of the five international relations theories, Realism, Liberalism, and Feminism have very interesting and different positions pertaining to global politics and issues. These theories, although quite different, effect the past present and future of global politics. Realists tend to believe the worst in hu manity, that they are inherently selfish, and expect the worst. They are always prepared for war, and will go on the offensive if it means gaining more power and respect. Liberals do not thinkRead MoreRealism Is The Most Convincing Paradigm For International Relations? Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesCONVINCING PARADIGM FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? WHAT ARE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF REALISM AS A THEORY FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? Realism has dominated international relations theory since emerging in the 1930’s. The era of state conflict lasting from the 1930’s to the end of the cold war in 1947, proved the perfect hostile environment to fit the largely pessimistic view of world politics. While many aspects of realism are still alive in International Relations today; including the dominantRead MoreThe Theories Of International Politics Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches have been developed as an attempt to explain the workings of International Politics. These different perspectives which use different methods and assumptions can be helpful in studying and predicting the actions and interactions of the actors they concentrate on and include, realism, liberalism and feminism. No single approach however succeeds in taking into consideration all factors and outcomes in world politics and each of them has distinct benefits as well as certain limitations. TheRead MoreEssay about power of polit ics1517 Words   |  7 Pages Power Politics: The Framework Provided Understanding contemporary world politics is by no means an easy feat. To merely begin the process, one must first have an ample knowledge of historical as well as modern trends in international relations, the issues at hand both now and in the past and major events that affect the field. Several groups and styles of thinking have developed throughout the centuries to make attempts at comprehending world politics and most successfully carrying out internationalRead MoreThe Politics Of The Global Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION â€Å"The Politics of the Global† gives us a narration of how development of international political economy happens and an understanding of globalization. Globalization is frequently analyzed independently and the author shows how globalization plays out in two multi-cultural democracies; India and USA. It portrays different political possibilities like colonial coercion, post-colonial ambivalence and post-colonial co-option that are opened by global relays of meanings, identities and powerRead MoreMedia Representation of the Rwandan Genocide1202 Words   |  5 Pagesreason for looking at representational practices in relation to texts, language and modes of interpretation is because it is through these practices that ideas about International Relations are produced’. Through the media coverage on the Rwanda Genocide I investigate how a lack of representation can limit the study and practice of International Relations. Alan Kuperman (2000) presented the argument that ‘Western media blame the international community for not intervening quickly, but the mediaRead MoreWhat Is The Making Of The Modern World730 Words   |  3 PagesWorld, Many Actors by Carmen Gebhard, the transition of global relations from international to trans-national focused on the role of individuals and groups. As a scholar, these three texts have changed my present thoughts on how the world’s international relations and diplomacy have been an integral part in making the global market. I am an economics major with an international trade and development concentration, learning about how the politics affect trade and businesses, is amazing. My life has been

Internal Control Requirements for Publicly Traded Companies Free Essays

In a meeting last week, the president of LJB expressed interest of going public in the near future and asked us about the internal control requirements for such action. To become publicly listed, LJB must follow the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), which requires all US publicly traded companies to maintain an adequate system of internal control. Under SOX Section 404, a company must report on internal controls over financial reporting in its annual report. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Control Requirements for Publicly Traded Companies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Four key elements must be included in this report (Smith, Ledyard;): 1. Statement of responsibility by the company management (CEO and CFO) for establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedure for financial reporting. 2. Statement identifying the framework used by management to evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. 3. Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting. 4. Attestation by the company’s external auditor on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. As the president of LJB, he and other executives and board of directors must ensure that the internal controls are reliable and effective. In addition, he must hire independent outside auditors to attest to the adequacy of the internal control system. LJB’s Proper Internal Controls To beco me publicly listed, LJB must ensure and maintain an adequate and effective internal control system. After evaluating LJB’s current internal controls, I have found several positive acts. First, the accountant of LJB has recently started to use prenumbered invoices, which I believe to be a right decision because all companies, including LJB, should establish proper documentation procedures. LJB should document transactions and events when they occur. The use of prenumbered invoices can help to prevent a transaction from being recorded more than once, or conversely, from not being recorded at all (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 341). In addition, an effective internal control system should require that all source documents be promptly forwarded to the accounting department for accounting entries; this helps to ensure timely recording of the transactions and contributes directly to the accuracy and reliability of the accounting records (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 341). So when the accountant has asked for buying an indelible ink machine to print checks, I believe it will be a wise and necessary purchase. Second, the accountant does a good job of moving all checks into a safe in his office during weekends. This is in compliance with physical controls, which relate to the safeguarding of assets and enhance the accuracy and reliability of the accounting records (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 342). By moving the checks into the safe, they are secured during nonbusiness hours and not accessible to no one, this prevents potential fraud and theft. LJB’s Improper Internal Controls On the other hand, there are several other controls which LJB is not doing properly. First, the accountant is now serving two roles as both treasurer and controller. This is a violation of segregation of duties. Different individuals should be responsible for related activities, however, the accountant is responsible for both supply purchases and payments for these purchases, and this increases the potential for errors and irregularities (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 339). Since the accountant can make orders of supplies without supervisory approval, he may be tempted to receive kickbacks from suppliers (not saying he will); he may authorize payments for fictitious invoices since he also has payment authorization. Moreover, the accountant should not be responsible for both receiving checks and completing monthly bank reconciliations, because since he is the person who handles record keeping for LJB, he should be neither responsible for physical custody of the received checks (which are basically cash) nor have access to them (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 340). Both vacancies of segregation of related activities and segregation of record-keeping from physical custody controls leave a great potential of fraud for LJB, not mentioning there is a lack of independent internal verification (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 343). Second, LJB is missing control over its petty cash. If all employees have access to petty cash, it is a violation of establishment of responsibility (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, pp. 338-339). In addition, not only no one is responsible for the petty cash, employees who use the money are only asked to leave a note, this violates the documentation procedures controls. Third, the firing incident indicates LJB is doing poorly on three controls: human resource controls (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 344), physical controls, and establishment of responsibility. LJB did not conduct a thorough background check on the convicted employee. If a thorough background check was performed LJB should had found out that this person was convicted guilty and served time for molesting children. Also, since LJB does not assign individual passwords to employees, it was no surprise that it had difficulty getting the convicted employee’s confession of viewing pornography on company computer. Last, the accountant should not be engaged in interviewing and approving new hires, since he is already responsible for other tasks. Instead, the human resources department should be involved in the hiring process, along with the president. Recommendations for Improvement These poor internal controls indicate LJB’s vulnerability to frauds, which not only serve as threats to LJB but also hinder the company’s capability of going public. Nevertheless, actions can be taken to fix such flaws. First of all, LJB should assign different individuals to handle supply purchase and payment tasks. If the accountant is responsible for making orders of supplies, he should receive approvals for these purchases, and should not be granted payment authorization. If he authorizes payments, he should not be made responsible for purchasing supplies. Also, since he prepares bank reconciliations, he should not have custody of the received checks; a different individual should be assigned for such task. In addition, for enhanced security, LJB can assign another employee who is independent of the personnel responsible for the activities to conduct independent internal verification. He/she can compare the payment checks to invoices; he/she can also compare total receipts to bank deposits on a monthly basis to see if there is reconciliation between the cash balance per books and the cash balance per bank. If there is any discrepancy, he/she can report to the management immediately for corrective action (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, pp. 343-344). Secondary, LJB needs to set up a petty cash fund (not sure one is existed currently) and appoint a custodian who is responsible for such fund. Size of the petty cash fund should be determined, expenditures from the fund should be limited and certain types of transactions should not be permitted from the fund. The custodian of the und should have authority to make payments from petty cash that conform to these prescribed policies (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 367). Also, for documentation purpose, instead of a note from users of the petty cash, each payment from the fund must be documented on a prenumbered petty cash receipt, signatures of both the custodian and the individual who receiving payment must be on the receipt. If other supporting documents such as an invoice are available, they should be attached to the receipt (Kimmel, Wey gandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 367). Furthermore, internal control over petty cash fund can be strengthened by (1) having a supervisor make surprise counts of the fund to ascertain whether the paid petty cash receipts and fund cash equal the designated amount, and (2) canceling or mutilating the paid petty cash receipts so they cannot be resubmitted for reimbursement (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 369). Lastly, from now on, LJB must conduct thorough background checks on all new hires. Two things can be verified to support the checks: (1) Check to see whether job applicants actually graduated from the schools they list. 2) Never use the telephone numbers for previous employers given on the reference sheet; always look them up (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2011, p. 344). The human resources department should be held responsible for all background checks. In addition, all employees should be assigned individual passwords for signing into company computers, and these passwords should only be known to the individuals whom they are assigned to. LJB may also consider installing an advanced firewall program on computers which prohibits users from logging in external indecent websites. How to cite Internal Control Requirements for Publicly Traded Companies, Papers

Cause and effect of the fitness movement Essay Example For Students

Cause and effect of the fitness movement Essay In our ever-changing society, the one common thread that now every American seems to possess is a desire to have a body that is not hour-glass (1950s) nor waifish (1990s), but one that is lean, trim, and can physically go the extra mile. I speculate that the all-around athletic look is so popular because it is probably one of the hardest body types to achieve. In earlier times, hour-glass figures were the product of genetics and corsets, and the emaciated Kate Moss look could simply be achieved by starvation. To be physically fit inside and out is something that every person can control and achieve, but only through strong self-discipline. The $52. 9 billion fitness industry is constantly coming out with activities and products designed to get and keep us interested in working out (Whigham-Desir 84). Two of these types of work-outs, specifically Tae-Bo and Spinning, were created just for the purpose of keeping us interested in working out. Despite this revolution in the fitness industry, many false preconceived notions about losing weight persevere and impede the movement. As the media bombard the American public with unrealistic images, a new obsession with fitness has hit the markets. With more and more people aiming to lose weight, the fitness industry has been pressured to accommodate the high demands for efficient and entertaining workouts. This greater variety of work-outs hitting the market is a result of the diverse types of people who are trying to get in shape. Health clubs are no longer only for those 20-30 year olds who are in competitive training or those who need to be fit as a job requirement. Instead, these facilities are now packed with people of all ages, and various skill and fitness levels. Due to this increase in a broad spectrum of beginners, different exercise programs designed to accommodate these differences have recently been introduced. One of these trendy workouts that have become extremely popular among the masses is Spinning. One reason for the popularity of spinning, according to instructor McAteer is because it allows individuals to go at their own pace, so triathletes can (and do) share classes with lawyers and lobbyists. Classes mix serious bike racers with heart patients in their fifties and sixties (5). As this new class of fitness people emerge, one problem that is common among them is that they are limited what work-outs they can do depending on and individuals coordination and injuries. In this sense, spinning is user-friendly and it accomodates most anybody. Almost everyone knows how to ride a bike and the no-impact nature is increasingly welcome for baby boomers (3). Another aspect of spinning is that it is designed for people who want results in the quickest waysimply speaking, basically everybody. Spinning instructor Sarah Krupps reasoning for why she likes it is it burns between 500 and 800 calories in an hour. Simply put, it is like cramming a grueling three-hour Tour de France ride into a 45 minute encounter with hill climbing, puddle jumping and pedaling like mad to escape snapping dogs (2). The final beauty of this exercise phenomenon is that it allows novice cyclers to turn down the resistance without others noticing, so that they dont stand out as they would in an aerobics class. This quality encourages more beginner level people to stick with their exercise regimen because they dont have to be concerned with embarrassing themselves. A second trend of the fitness industry was created by a man named Billy Blanks who introduced a workout video combining boxing, Tae Kwon Do and dance to the markets last August. The public reaction to his video has caused Tae-Bo marketers to shell out $2 million weekly to air his 20 minute infomercial .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 , .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .postImageUrl , .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 , .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208:hover , .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208:visited , .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208:active { border:0!important; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208:active , .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208 .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78524029be4f20f3324670cdca049208:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction Essaythe Tae-Bo videos have grossed some $75 million and Blanks has accepted an advance of $1.5 million to write an exercise book for Bantam (Labi 77). In contrast to spinning, Tae-Bo is not for everybody. Instead, it is a program for the fitness elite. Despite eliminating the overweight, elderly and injury-prone population from its consumers, the videos have had amazing results. This is not only due to the compact calorie-burning tendency of the video, but the variety of moves .

Crew Resource Managament Essays - Aviation Safety,

Crew Resource Managament WARNING!!! This is for ERAU -- Wildinger's class. Don't even *think* of using this in his class!!! -strong message follows- Crew Resource Management 1 Running Head: CRM AND AVIATION SAFETY Crew Resource Management and Aviation Safety Steven B. McSwain Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Crew Resource Management 2 Abstract Throughout the history of aviation, accidents have and will continue to occur. With the introduction of larger and more complex aircraft, the number of humans required to operate these complex machines has increased as well as, some say, the probability of human error. There are studies upon studies of aircraft accidents and incidents resulting from breakdowns in crew coordination and, more specifically, crew communication. These topics are the driving force behind crew resource management. This paper will attempt to present the concept of crew resource management (CRM) and its impact on aviation safety in modern commercial and military aviation. The concept is not a new one, but is continually evolving and can even include non-human elements such as computer-controlled limitations on aircraft maneuvers and the conflicts that result in the airline industry. Crew Resource Management 3 Crew Resource Management and Aviation Safety Since the birth of aviation, man has been tasked with operating aircraft safely, yet effectively. From the beginning days of being able to simply operate an aircraft without injury for seconds at a time, to today's issues with safety in supersonic international travel, crew resource management has been with us in some from the beginning. The term CRM began to spread in the 1980's among the major airlines, fueled by industry and university research into human factors. The U.S. military has also taken a very active in the development of CRM techniques to aid in the high stress environment of military aviation. The basic concept of crew resource management (CRM) is to train crewmembers to use all available personnel, equipment, and experience to safely and effectively operate an aircraft. It is used in nearly every facet of aviation from the smallest regional airline, to the largest major carrier, to the various crew operated military aircraft. One aspect of aviation missing from the fold is the general aviation (GA) community, such as the private pilot. This has become a growing concern as many future air carrier pilots and military pilots begin as private pilots. The need for CRM training in this area is there, but the training seems excessive and useless to many in the field as most of these pilots operate single pilot aircraft. Perhaps this attitude comes from the term crew and is dismissed by the private pilot. This can be a dangerous attitude, as there is no doubt that sound decision making and the use of available resources should be a priority at any level of aviation Terms and Concepts Used in Crew Resource Management In order to effectively explain the concept of CRM and its role in aviation safety, it is necessary to have at least a limited understanding of common terms and phrases. One of the two key elements of CRM is situational awareness, or, SA. Simply put, it is the understanding of Crew Resource Management 4 the conditions surrounding your flight. Knowing what is happening, what has happened in the past and how that may affect your flight in the future. Situational awareness is probably best described as a conditioned state of mind while flying. It comes from experience and knowledge and can be blocked by being unfit to fly do to fatigue, for example. This concept is obviously a major consideration in flying all aircraft, but can be considered to be somewhat easier maintained in a crew aircraft than in a single pilot one. Another key concept in CRM is communication. This is a topic best described in it's own publication, as there are numerous factors that contribute to successful or failed communication. There are many factors to be considered when analyzing communication in the context of CRM, such as dialect. English is the universal air traffic language, yet it would be impossible to regulate accents and intelligibility of an air traffic controller or aircraft crew. This can obviously lead to missed communication between an American flight crew and Egyptian control facility, for example. Another aspect of the communication problem can be attributed to seniority in

Measuring soil erodibility to four of British soils and the effects of

Measuring soil erodibility to four of British soils and the effects of Measuring soil erodibility to four of British soils and the effects of rainfall characteristics, duration and soil properties on the extendibility factor – Assignment Example Measuring soil erodibility to four of British soils and the effects of rainfall characteristics, duration and soil properties on the extendibility factorNameInstitutionCourseDateMeasuring Soil Erodibility to Four of British Soils and the Effects of Rainfall Characteristics, Duration and Soil Properties on the Extendibility FactorSoil erodibility is a relevant factor in that it measures soil susceptibility to erosion and an essential parameter required for the prediction of soil erosion. Apart from the factor of soil erodible, RUSLE and USLE equations determines using various formulas employed in the soil packaging parameters (Khairi, 2011). For example, Soil erodible is an elaborate description of soil erosion for giving reference conditions influenced by different soil properties controlling the different sub processes. However, it is significant of understand the difference between soil erodible and soil erosion. While soil erosion affects factors such as plant cover, slope length and degree, rainfall characteristics and management of land, soil erodible depends on the inherent soil properties (Khairi, 2011).Soils found under the same environmental conditions have different amounts of soil loss. The influence of the soil properties on soil erosion can be discovered through soil erodible; the measure carried on soil erodible is through investigating selected properties of soil. This is entirely independent of the effect of environmental factors affects the rainfall characteristics, and hence not considered. There are four types of British soils in which soil erodible can be estimated and under different soil associations from different locations in the UK. They soil associations are Rivington, Crewe, Everingham, and Andoverb. The soil sub groups are typical brown earth, pelo- stagnogley, typical cambic gley, and brown rendzina (TheAbura, 2009).Soil association description1. RivingtonThese soils are moderately stony, and classified as typical brown earths well drained. On top of this, these soils have hard sandstone, which varies between 50 and 80 centimeters. However, the main differentiating characteristics are:1.1 Sand fraction dominated by dry and medium sand.1.2 Coarse loam A and B horizons.1.3 Weathering sand stone within 80 centimeters (Reeve, 1975), in the following brief profile description: 1.31 0.20 centimeters Apart 1.31Dark grayish brown, slightly or moderately stony, sandy loam 1.33 20-50 centimeters Bw 1.34 Yellowish brown, slightly or moderately stony, sandy loam; weak medium singular blocky structure 1.35 Hard or soft stone or extremely sandy loam, Payton and Palmer (1990).1.4 This association consists of stanogley soils in reddish, stoneless till or clay. The targeted soil under this association classified as pelo-stagnoley soils where the main characteristics of this soil as the following:Top soil- stoneless clay or clay loam: The main soil characteristics are that this soil is semi-permeable seasonally water logged pr ominently mottled reddish stoneless clays locally with a light, loamy topsoil brownish medium over clays; it has a profile description:1.5 0-20 centimeters1.6 Dark grayish brown, stoneless clay loam or clay 20-50 cm Bg11.7 Reddish brown, stoneless clay; strong, coarse prismatic structure, common calcium carbonate2. EveringhamThese are ground water gley soil that have a unique topsoil and a Bg horizon, formed and in a Pleistocene deposit. They are usually a horizon usually passes downwards into a permeable gleyed horizon with a brief description of the soil profile, Avery (1982). They include:2.1 0-30 centimeters Ap dark brown, stoneless loamy powdery sand2.2 30-55 centimeters-Bg2.3 Pale brown mottled, stoneless loamy dry sand; very weak light angular blocky structure2.4 55-100 centimeters Cg2.5 Light yellowish brown, mottled stoneless loamy powdery sand; single grain structure.4. AndoverThe soil is subgroup is Brown rendzina Ap horizons have a well developed sub-angular blocky struc ture. The underlying chalk is usually fairly hard and joint but soft, and massive marly bands are common (Khairi, 2011). In addition, some profiles have a transitional horizon which is 10 centimeters thick underneath the Ap which is usually extremely calcareous, and the main characteristics to the soil are:4.1 dry loamy or dry silty A horizon4.2 content or flint stones greater than one percent4.3 Solid chalk above 35 centimeters4.4 Mainly brown colors. Soil Survey Record (1978)Rainfall characteristicsIt aims at predicting the soil erodibility for four British soils under tree different durations and three different intensities (Aburas, 2009). He viewed a direct relationship between means that an increase in pressure leads to an increase of the rainfall received on the square centimeter unit. Correlation and regression analysis analyzes the relation between the soil erodibility values and soil properties through using a set of soil parameters (Khairi, 2011).The measure of a rainfall stimulator is to create a rainfall event as same as the natural rainfall event in spite of its complexity to stimulate the same interaction between the natural rainfall properties such as drop velocity, drop size, and large topographical variation.In conclusion, different types of soils have different intensity of soil erodibility. This is affected rainfall intensities and rainfall durations. The different soil associations in UK, prove this. Appendix1. Does the report identify (a) the problem and (b) a clear outcome? YES.2. Does the report have a clear structure that enables the reader to readily understand what has been done, how and why? YES, because the report is precise to the topic3. Is there a clear and concise summary? YES4. Are data gathered as part of the project reported in a form that would allow others to use them with confidence? YESPart 2: How can the report be improved? Yes, through reference to other sources.5. Do you understand every sentence that has been written? YES6. Are the spelling and grammar correct? YES 7. Are the methods employed for the study clearly explained? YES8. Are the original data reported correctly? YES9. Are errors in analytical work assessed? YES 10. Are statistics used appropriately? YES11. Are the figures clear in what they claim to show? YES 12. If software is used, is it clearly identified and explained? NO softwares are used.13. Do all maps and graphs have correct scales? YES14. Are there any other editorial matters that need to be addressed? NO. ReferencesKhairi, N. M., 2011. Measuring Soil Erodibility to four of British Soil and the effect of Rainfall Characteristics, Duration, and Soil Properties on the Erodibility factor.

(Economics) DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

(Economics) DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS - Essay Example ng to the ILO, in 2004, 246 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 years were child labourers.2 This is not a new problem and throughout history their have been instances of child labour in almost all parts of the world. Starting twentieth century, attempts have been made to end child labour permanently. Unfortunately, developing countries, where the problem is most acute, have proved to be immune to legislative interventions. In this essay, we try to understand the reasons why legislations have failed to end child labour and discuss other measures and their efficacy. As early as in 1867, Karl Marx in â€Å"Capital† had outlined a formal model for the causes of child labour. Marx had noted that while technology ideally would require less labour, lower demand for labour would depress wages and hence it was worthwhile for capitalist to use labour liberally and for the workers to have their entire family work to make ends meet.3 In modern times, the most well-known economic model of child labour is from Basu and Van4. The Basu-Van Model argues that low income economies are characterized by multiple equilibria. There is a bad equilibrium in which the adult wages are low and the child wages even lower and so the parents are compelled to send their children to work in order to survive. The good equilibrium is when adult wages are high and no children are offered in the labour market. In between these two equilibria is the state when both the good and the bad equilibria exist. Unfortunately, both the good and the bad equilibria can be stable, i.e. if the economy is in the state of bad equilibrium, it is unlikely to get out of it. The Basu-Van model is based on two assumptions. The â€Å"Luxury Axiom† asserts that households send their children to work only when driven by poverty and a non-working child is a luxury good. The â€Å"Substitution Axiom† asserts that adult and child labour is substitut able. The figure below shows the Basu-Van Model. Thus, we see that

Ebay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ebay - Essay Example However, other issues were still seen like the one-sided feedback system favorable to buyers only. Other online options for businesses also competed with the eBay. Amazon also emerged as one of its major competitors. Other issues which the company faced included fewer consumer-friendly payment features for eBay as compared to Amazon; presence of counterfeit merchandise; and bad management choices all. SWOT Analysis Strengths eBay is the world largest online auction websites and it was the first company that came up with the idea of online auction. And because of its unique way of trading, eBay has given the chance for buyers and sellers from all over the world to buy and sell items by going online and without having them to meet up. Diversifying has become one of the major components for eBay. Not only it diversified its products, but eBay also diversified its target markets from, individuals to small or big companies. Moreover, from the past couple of years, eBay did some acquisitio ns over some other companies, such as, PayPal, StubHub, and Skype. With all of these acquisitions, it made eBay as a bigger and better company, and one of the big successes of these acquisitions was with PayPal.

BMW's dream factory and culture case Term Paper

BMW's dream factory and culture case - Term Paper Example The organizational culture of BMW can be characterized as employee oriented. Employees at BMW are given great importance and policies of the company can be termed as employee centric. BMW focuses on empowerment of employees and gives them enough freedom to come up with new ideas. The company also encourages innovation even for the lower level employees. There are also no red tapes in the company that separate the higher managers to the lower level employees. All this indicate to the fact that the culture of BMW is employee oriented. In BMW employees are treated with respect and their suggestions are given attention. This is another reason why we can characterize the organizational culture of BMW as employee oriented. Employees are encouraged to come up with new ideas and their ideas are implemented within the company. This not only boosts the confidence of employees but also communicates to the employees how much the organization pays heed to their word. Employee oriented organizational culture is the reason of the long term success of the company because human capital is the most important part of any organization, and human capital is treated with great regard at BMW. The organizational culture of BMW is very friendly and the top management is always interested in listening to employees. The company has benefitted from many innovations that were brought up by lower level employees. The entrepreneurial culture of the company fosters innovation by empowering employees to make a difference (Hellriegel & Slocum, 552). BMW allows employees to remain at the forefront of innovation and therefore the culture of the company can be categorized as employee oriented. The automobile industry mostly relies on standard operating procedures and rigid assembly line manuals guide employees about their work. This is not the case in BMW as employees enjoy a great deal of freedom. Employees at the company operate with a high degree of flexibility and can change even their

Analysis Of The Problem Of Evil Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of The Problem Of Evil Philosophy Essay In the paper written by Collins entitled, The Problem of Evil Basics, It has been noted that reconciling the concept of existence of a perfectly good God and evil is necessary in solving the problem of evil. Collins presented two valid arguments in clarifying the problem of evil in the theistic perspective. One argument is coming from theodicy. Theodicy argues that God exists and He permits evils in this world. The Defense argument proposes that the existence of evil is not dependent on the notion that God exist. The Defense argument further claims that if there is God and He is good, then evils in the world would not exist. However, since evils exist, then there is no God because the existence of a supreme being presupposes that good would prevail. With this, should we justify evils in relation to the existence of God? Or should we deny the existence of God in order to justify evils? Basically, the analysis of this paper would revolve around the above contentions. Basically, the problem of good and evil is quite a complicated and complex topic. It has no definite answer since it goes beyond the sphere of the material world and human knowledge is limited. This is not to say that the finite capacity of the human knowledge is inadequate in comprehending the said topic. Plausible explanations can still be formulated and accepted in responding to the issues mentioned above. Accordingly, if we would provide a justifiable explanation about the problem of evil, ones personal analysis is necessary but it has to be coupled with the arguments coming from the philosophical claims of the experts. Of course, everybody has his/her own explanation about the existence of evils in this world. Evils are usually viewed as something harmful or destructive to the normal flow of things. It can be caused by man or by nature. The issue of morality would also be tackled in line with the existence of evil. In this sense, it is inevitable that the concept of right and wrong actions when it comes to human actions would have to be explained. On the other hand, natural occurrences such as floods, typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis and the like are judged based on the harm done to man, other living creatures and the planet in general. In short, harm as a result of a natural phenomenon is equated with evil. In addition, the natural inclination of other primitive creatures such as lions, tigers, sharks and other ferocious animals could also be seen as evil producing actions. This is because the actions of these predators normally bring more harm than good to their prey. If deeply analyzed, the survival of the fittest within the world of the primitive creatures inevitably create destructive condition in the wild. Though they are part of the evolutionary process, as argued by most biologists or other natural scientists , the whole process can be equated to an evil producing condition where subduing other species is a natural phenomenon. Now, how does the concept of God situate in the mentioned assumptions? In the paper entitled, In Connection Building Theodicy Handout, the Greater Good Principle is explained in relation to the problem of evil. This principle suggests that if God is perfectly good then He has all the power to eliminate evils in the world. Consequently, God allows evils but those which are freely chosen by man. This strengthens the proposition that God doesnt exist because evils are ever-present in this world. On another angle of the debate, the Theodicy argument has been criticized by many experts. In the paper of Collins, the flaws of theodicy argument were explicated. It is said that suffering in this world is a result of committing sin. This is why by committing sinful acts, man receives certain kind of punishment in the form of suffering. Thus, suffering is inevitable and should be accepted. However, as argued by Collins, this argument is flawed because it does not explain clearly why God allows evil and the reason why the innocents have to suffer also. The second theodicy argument is the fall theodicy which states that suffering was a result of the fall of man. This line of thinking claims that man has to suffer because of the original sins committed by Adam and Eve. However, this is also flawed because no concrete explanation could be extracted as to why God allows evils to happen. The third argument is the Satan theodicy which declares that suffering is a consequence of the rebellion of Satan from God. This is another invalid argument simply because it would be hard to prove that such situation is real. Also, it does provide any concrete explication as to the reason why God has to allow evils to exist in this world. In a related academic paper, Evolution and the Problem of Evil, the Intelligent Design argument in the creation of the universe as perfect has been debated by the natural scientists and advocates of evolutionary theory. It is argued in this perspective that the Intelligent Design theory conveys that God is cruel since He allows sufferings of lower forms of animals. The anatomy of the ferocious animals such as tigers, lions, and the like is basically designed to cause sufferings to other creatures. Thus, this implies that the God we know who created the universe is either evil or doesnt exist. In an article, Why Does God Allow Evil? written by Eric V. Snow , it was explained the basic reason why God allows evil to exist in this world based on the Christian perspective. The premise of the article is that God created man in his own image and with 100% free will. As Gods creation, man has to choose to be 100% righteous. It was based on the thesis coming from Genesis 1:26 which states that Then God said, Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. This is one of the basic arguments of the theist. This proposes a belief that God created man in his own image which has a righteous path. However, the goodness of man should be chosen because of free will. Being righteous is not an easy and immediate process. It has to be intended and calculated by man. Man must also know and will it. Moreover, the ar ticle argued that God created man with free will like himself. Without free will man would be nothing like God. Incidentally, total obedience to Gods laws is the only way to be righteous. Hence, pain and suffering are caused by mans free will as a result of bad motive, ignorance and miscalculated intentions. In connection, the article further explains that suffering would make man trust God. Pain is experienced so that faith in God would be attained. It was also the position of the article that mans knowledge is inadequate enough to understand why God allows evil. Man is not in the position to question the intention of God. Like Job, man has to believe and obey God without question. Since death is inevitable, we would be judged by God based on our actions in the material world. Hence, God allows evils in this world because of His benevolent intention for us whatever it may be. Free will is given to man in order for him to know and obey Gods laws. Pain and suffering are merely temporary tests in attaining the rightful path, as argued by the article (Snow). In another article, The Problem of Evil, by P.J. McHugh (2006), the same argument was put forward about the problem of evil. As stated by McHugh (2006), the common ground of all who believe why God allows evil to prosper in this world is the free-will defence. Man is a self-directing agent with a limited source of freedom that would make him responsible for his every decision. With freedom, man is free to choose between right and wrong as a moral agent. However, with free will it also recognized by McHugh (2006) that evil actions are unavoidable. Good cant be separated by bad actions. This is why man has to be careful in making decision because every decision has an accompanying good and evil consequences. Accordingly, the free-will defence is challenged by the idea that if free will is God-given and that it is the cause of evil actions, then it is logical to assume that God is also responsible for creating a creature that produces harm because of free will. The question still arises, why did God create a being that can do harm to the world? McHugh (2006) presented the Augustinian Theodicy in answering the above question. According to McHugh (2006), Augustine (354-430 A.D.) formulated explanations that influence the thoughts of the Christians for many centuries. One of the fundamental premises of the philosophical view of St. Augustine is that the universe is good because it was created by a good God with a good intention. Every creation has a good purpose in line with Gods good intention. Evil is a result of an on-going process of attaining good that is innate in all the things created. The universe is perfect and out of that perfection is the ultimate purpose of goodness. In short, evil is an intended consequence of taking the path of goodness which is divine. However, those who dont abide with the divine path imposed by God, would be punished as they would be judged at the end of human history. McHugh (2006) claims that the Augustinian theodicy seems to be removing the responsibility from God when it comes to evil act ions of man. The Augustinian theodicy further assumes that evil is the consequence of free will as misused by man. McHugh (2006) also presented criticisms of the said theodicy by St. Augustine. According to him, the universe that God created might have gone wrong. With all the evils in the world that we would observe, this universe might not have went to the things that God wanted it to be. It is either God committed a mistake of creating the universe or He did not really intend to make the universe perfect as assume by some Christians. The second criticism offered by McHugh (2006) is the one proposed by the scientific perspective about the evolution of mankind. As explained by the Augustinian point of view, man was created perfect and good. However, the scientific evidence would prove that man evolved from the lowest form of animals that can be argued as imperfect and hostile creatures. Primitive man has crude knowledge of morality and that hostility seemed to be his natural response to his environment. In the same argument, natural disasters and calamities existed long before man came into this world, as proposed by the evolutionary perspective. These natural phenomena certainly cause evils and sufferings. Consequently, if these phenomena already existed before man, then it is logical to assume that they were not caused by man. If they were not caused by mankind, then God was the one responsible for evil effects of such natural calamities. The third argument against the Augustinian theodicy is the existence of hell as a venue for those who will not abide by the law of God. The concept of hell is a punishment for those who will choose to do wrong. This concept is challenged because it only show how Gods justice works. Sinful acts are punishable according to St. Augustines argument that is why man is compelled to do good which is the main intention of God. If this is true, then majority of the human race might be tormented in hell since humanity now is characterized by immorality and sinful acts. Is this the justice that God wants man to realize? Whatever the answer to this question, it is certain that the concept of hell acquits of Gods purpose of punishing the disobedient. In a related article, The Problem of Evil, written by Vincent Cheung (2004), it discusses the problem and solution in the issue of the existence of evil. Cheung (2004) also recognizes that the basic problem of the Christian point of view about good and evil is that there is a God who is omnipotent and omnibenevolent. In this line of thinking, if God is all-powerful, then He has the ability to eradicate all the evils in the world. If God is a loving supreme being, then He would not allow evil to thrive that causes pain and suffering to mankind. What complicates the Christian perspective is the notion that God and evil are irreconcilable concepts. If God really exists then there is no evil, as argued by Cheung (2004). Accordingly, if evil exists, then there is no God who is ever loving. In case that God really exists and evil also prevails in this world, then the God that really exists is not an ever-loving supreme being. In this line of thought, the God that exists might be a being wh o loves suffering and pain because He allows evils to prevail. In short, it is a choice between God or evil. Cheung (2004) offered insightful analysis in reconciling they contradictions of God and evil. It was argued in his article that the flow of argument of the problem of evil cant be answered by the Christian perspective. The Christian point of view of God is illogical and cant be accepted because it has many flaws. If one has to take the route of the Christian perspective an all-powerful and all-loving God would not exist with the evil prevailing in this life. This is why in the article, Cheung presented a more logical argument that emanated from the fundamental premises of the Christian perspective. In a gist, Cheung (2004) argued that there is God who is all-powerful and all-loving. With Gods power, He is capable of eliminating suffering and pain. His benevolence would result to His intention of eradicating evils. Consequently, evil still exists because God a good purpose for it. With Gods power and goodness, He would eventually end all these sufferings and pains in life. The prevalence of evils doesnt mean that God doesnt exist. It merely implies that it would eventually be eliminated because God is good. Analysis and Conclusion With the surveyed articles presented above, this paper has formulated its own analysis to answer the quite controversial issue of the existence of evil. First and foremost, this paper proposes that there is God. If we would formulate a notion of God, it is always good and logical to assume that He is all-powerful and all-benevolent. It would be difficult and more painful to imagine that there is supreme being who exists for the sole purpose of punishing us. There is God because there is a creation. The cause and effect analysis of St. Thomas Aquinas is quite a convincing argument for this. It would be natural for a creator to produce something with no good intention. For instance, a sculptor would not create a work of art with bad intention on his/her mind creating it. It is innate to him/her to produce a beautiful and as much as possible perfect masterpiece. Of course, the actual product would not be as perfect as it is in his/her mind. However, this doesnt imply that the sculptor is evil. He may be innately good even if there is imperfection in his/her creation. Needless to say that this analogy also applies with the existence of a n all-loving and all-powerful God. There is a supreme creator who made man in his own image. As an all-powerful being, God couldnt interfere with the affairs of man because of free will. Free will has unintended consequences, that we call evils. Inasmuch as God wants to eradicate evils and harms in this world, His authority could have superseded by the power of free will which He gave to man as a sign of love. Through free will, man make choices so as not being controlled by God. If free will doesnt exist, man is like a puppet that is being controlled by a puppet master. Subsequently, since God loves man, He took his control out of mans life. In connection, free will doesnt mean doing evil. It is a powerful instrument of choosing the right path. With it, man should take the right path. Although evils seem to reign in life, they could be viewed as temporary. It is logical to assume life is meaningless if we are just expecting bad things to happen. We might have to annihilate humanity if that would be true. However, it is the position of this paper that every choice that we make has an accompanying equally balanced results that may good or evil. There are no options that have purely good or bad consequences. In other words, there is no situation in this world that would only produce an unpleasant result because that would mean complete annihilation of everything. The result would come from a balance of good and evil actions. Now, when it comes to the nature of things in the lower form of animals, harm really exists. It is the normal flow of things that other creatures to subdue other species. It is part of the grand design. It is a design that can only be sustained if man would not interfere in it. It would be valid to assume that mans interference with nature has caused destruction to the planet. This is because the natural laws are perfect. It has all the necessary functions for the planet to survive. Typhoons, earthquakes, and the like are natural occurrences that are caused by the overproduction and overconsumption of man through the utilization of the environments resources. The natural inclinations of the lower forms of animal are also necessary for the survival of each and their own species and for the emergence of the new species. These phenomena are all beneficial to the existence of the planet. Man seems to be the unnecessary component in sustaining the equilibrium of the planet if free will would not be used properly. It is certainly true that man is capable of moral actions. Mans actions may interfere or not with the natural flow of things in nature. However, as mentioned earlier, there are actions that are good-producing. These actions may contribute to the well being of the planet if man would only realize the power of free will. In contrast, evils caused by man are unintended consequences of the free will given by God. This is why free will is coupled with superior intellect. Man is guided by free will and a superior intellect for him to do good and avoid harm to others. The superior intellect is here to compensate with mans free will. There are no absolute standards of good and evil. It has to depend on the ability of man to evaluate a particular situation. It can be judged based on the motive, actual behavior and the consequences of the action. In short, actions should be based on the use of the ability of man to calculate, rationalize and good intention. Man has to plan his actions with the intention of doing good. In relation to theodicy, it is the position of this paper that there is God but He doesnt want evils to happen. Evils can be speculated as a result of unintended consequences of free will and superior intellect of man. With regards to the Defense argument, it is more valid to claim that evils dont have to be equated with the non-existence of God. The problem of evils doesnt depend on whether there is God or not. It is a necessary result of the free will, miscalculation or ignorance of man. Definitely, there are choices to be made in life. The best choice is coming from many choices with the use of the intellect and free will. Evils would arise because of irrationality, lack of planning, miscalculation or ignorance. Equating evil with the non-existence of God is like blaming God for mans mistakes. In this line of thinking, man is removing himself from accountability that makes God his scapegoat. Finally, it is the position of this paper that part of the theodicy argument is valid more particularly the argument that God exists but he has no intention of bringing harm to this universe. Evils, as emphasized above, are unintended consequences brought about by mans ignorance, miscalculation and bad intention. It is also the point of this paper that it is illogical to accept the Defence argument since the existence of evil cant be equated with the denial of God. Of course, it would be noted that this paper doesnt assume that it provided all the absolute answers nor it has figured all out the problem of evil. The problem of evil is quite complicated issue that it cant be discussed easily in a single paper. The analysis of this paper has been deduced from several articles and from the finite capacity of the writer. Message from client: Can I have a rewrite? None of my sources were used and they need to be in the paper. Please just use the sources I provide in the rewrite and no other sources. Thank you.

The Dignity of Law Essays -- Law College Admissions Essays

"The business of the law is to make sense of the confusion of what we call human life-to reduce it to order but at the same time to give it possibility, scope, even dignity." In 1972, the American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote these words in the Harvard Law Review. In 1997, I read these words. At that point, the challenge and lure of the law crystallized before me, and I now see the ideals of MacLeish's vision as my own. MacLeish envisions the law as providing a sense of possibility, or hope, and I identify with this. Coming from a financially disadvantaged childhood, I had to put forth serious effort in overcoming financial and personal adversity and focusing on the importance of family and education. Without a sense of the unlimited possibilities ahead of me, my goals would never have been taken seriously-by myself or by others-and I would not have followed them to completion. Through my sense of possibility, I took my place on the Honor Rolls for fall 1996 and 1997 at the University of Maryland at Baltimore. I also served as vice president for...

Uncle Bob

I am so excited to go on vacation in Miami, Florida! Best of all, my Uncle Bob is coming with me! Uncle Bob lives in California and is also excited to go on vacation because he has never been out of the state before. Uncle Bob and I were having a great time on our vacation visiting the beautiful beaches and area attractions. In the middle of our vacation, Uncle Bob and I were heading back to the condo we rented when we got pulled over by the Miami Police. Uncle Bob spoke with the officer for a while then was arrested! I couldn’t understand why he was arrested; he was just speeding! Uncle Bob and I had a drink when we at the beach, but that was two hours prior to us leaving so there was no way he was drunk! Uncle Bob had been in some trouble before, but that was in California. Was it possible that his license wasn’t valid? Maybe, but how did a Miami, Florida police officer know enough about Uncle Bob to arrest him? With Uncle Bob’s situation, I have started doing some research of my own; technology has dramatically changed how law enforcement collects, stores, and retrieves information. Law Enforcement personnel are able to easily find information about individuals nationwide. The Miami, Florida Police Department has a fully integrated police records management system which allows law enforcement officers to gather information on an individual’s criminal, probation, court, vehicle, and prison records, as well as local and other agency records. Therefore, the officer who stopped Uncle Bob for speeding was able to access his previous records from the state of California through the use of his mobile office; the mobile radio system, and mobile data computer in his patrol vehicle (Foster, 2005). A Law Enforcement Officer has the ability to access information about an individual by use of their driver’s license or state identification number, or even their name and date of birth. When Uncle Bob and I were pulled over, the officer ran his driver’s license number to check for validation and warrants. If Uncle Bob’s previous charges left him with a suspended license in California, then that would explain why he was arrested here in Florida. Likewise, if Uncle Bob didn’t take care of his responsibilities for the charges in California, he may have a warrant which would also explain his arrest in Florida. However, maybe Uncle Bob didn’t have a suspended license or any warrants issued from California; why did he get arrested then? I know we weren’t in a stolen car because we rented it from the airport when we arrived in Miami. Maybe there was a crime that took place in this area, and a witness gave Law Enforcement a description of the suspect that is similar to Uncle Bob or the rental car? If that’s the case, then the arresting officer must have questioned him of our activities that day to see if we were in the area of which the crime took place. Uncle Bob may have been suspected of being the perpetrator, and was taken to the police department for further questioning. It is also possible that Uncle Bob actually did commit a crime while here in Miami, and that was why he was speeding; to try and get away. However, Uncle Bob has been with me the whole time so I know he didn’t commit a crime here! Perhaps Uncle Bob is still on probation in California, and not allowed to leave the state; if that is so, then the arresting officer could have accessed Uncle Bob’s probation records, contacted his probation officer, and arrested him on a probation violation of leaving the state of California. Also, if he is on probation, the probation officer may have found out that he left California and put out a warrant for his arrest; explaining why he was arrested here in Miami. My last possible thought regarding Uncle Bob’s arrest would be a clerical data entry error. The last time Uncle Bob was arrested; he was incarcerated and served his time. However, the individual entering case information may have incorrectly input his data or input another person’s data with a similar name, under his name, causing Uncle Bob to be wanted in connection with another crime. References Foster, R. E. (2005). Police technology (1st ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/ Prentice Hall. Uncle Bob I am so excited to go on vacation in Miami, Florida! Best of all, my Uncle Bob is coming with me! Uncle Bob lives in California and is also excited to go on vacation because he has never been out of the state before. Uncle Bob and I were having a great time on our vacation visiting the beautiful beaches and area attractions. In the middle of our vacation, Uncle Bob and I were heading back to the condo we rented when we got pulled over by the Miami Police. Uncle Bob spoke with the officer for a while then was arrested! I couldn’t understand why he was arrested; he was just speeding! Uncle Bob and I had a drink when we at the beach, but that was two hours prior to us leaving so there was no way he was drunk! Uncle Bob had been in some trouble before, but that was in California. Was it possible that his license wasn’t valid? Maybe, but how did a Miami, Florida police officer know enough about Uncle Bob to arrest him? With Uncle Bob’s situation, I have started doing some research of my own; technology has dramatically changed how law enforcement collects, stores, and retrieves information. Law Enforcement personnel are able to easily find information about individuals nationwide. The Miami, Florida Police Department has a fully integrated police records management system which allows law enforcement officers to gather information on an individual’s criminal, probation, court, vehicle, and prison records, as well as local and other agency records. Therefore, the officer who stopped Uncle Bob for speeding was able to access his previous records from the state of California through the use of his mobile office; the mobile radio system, and mobile data computer in his patrol vehicle (Foster, 2005). A Law Enforcement Officer has the ability to access information about an individual by use of their driver’s license or state identification number, or even their name and date of birth. When Uncle Bob and I were pulled over, the officer ran his driver’s license number to check for validation and warrants. If Uncle Bob’s previous charges left him with a suspended license in California, then that would explain why he was arrested here in Florida. Likewise, if Uncle Bob didn’t take care of his responsibilities for the charges in California, he may have a warrant which would also explain his arrest in Florida. However, maybe Uncle Bob didn’t have a suspended license or any warrants issued from California; why did he get arrested then? I know we weren’t in a stolen car because we rented it from the airport when we arrived in Miami. Maybe there was a crime that took place in this area, and a witness gave Law Enforcement a description of the suspect that is similar to Uncle Bob or the rental car? If that’s the case, then the arresting officer must have questioned him of our activities that day to see if we were in the area of which the crime took place. Uncle Bob may have been suspected of being the perpetrator, and was taken to the police department for further questioning. It is also possible that Uncle Bob actually did commit a crime while here in Miami, and that was why he was speeding; to try and get away. However, Uncle Bob has been with me the whole time so I know he didn’t commit a crime here! Perhaps Uncle Bob is still on probation in California, and not allowed to leave the state; if that is so, then the arresting officer could have accessed Uncle Bob’s probation records, contacted his probation officer, and arrested him on a probation violation of leaving the state of California. Also, if he is on probation, the probation officer may have found out that he left California and put out a warrant for his arrest; explaining why he was arrested here in Miami. My last possible thought regarding Uncle Bob’s arrest would be a clerical data entry error. The last time Uncle Bob was arrested; he was incarcerated and served his time. However, the individual entering case information may have incorrectly input his data or input another person’s data with a similar name, under his name, causing Uncle Bob to be wanted in connection with another crime. References Foster, R. E. (2005). Police technology (1st ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/ Prentice Hall.

Concepts of Informing and setting policies

Concepts of Informing and setting policies Introduction The forming and setting of policies is an essential part of every organization and governments. Policies have to be developed to indicate the desired results that should be achieved in a bid to solve the fundamental problems that face organization (Sanderson, I. 2002). The common policies that are made by most states includes the macroeconomic policies, health, traffic congestion and climatic policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Informing and setting policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the importance of these kinds of policies to the economic growth and developments of the economies, various departments have been created and charged with the obligation of ensuring successful development of policies and their implementation. Tension between informing policy and setting policy In policy development, a distinction must be made between analysis informing policy and analysis sett ing policy. Analysis setting policy is the objectively critisising the policies that are formulated to ensure that they will lead to the achievements of the desired positive objectives. It includes the examination of the process of policy formulation and the impact of policies that are made. Analysis informing policy entails the evaluation of the methods and means by which the policies are publicized to create awareness.the awareness of the policies is indispensible where they are targeted to affect a particular population. The tension informing policy and setting policy may result between the policy formulators and those to be affected by the policies. At times, policies may be resisted at an immature stage if the information is leaked before finer analysis is made. The timing of requesting for the opinions of the stakeholders is therefore crucial. Analytical product Due to the conflict of analyzing informing policies and setting policies, it is important for analytical products to be purely informative. In this instance the products to be developed will have taken consideration of the circumstances and situations that affects the results desired (Wallace, H, 2005). Since informative products involve evaluation of all possible outcomes, the policies adopted will reflect the best possible results. Policy makers are currently switching towards informative analysis. For instance, economists tend to come up with macroeconomic policies based on the information that is derived from the financial markets and research conducted to show the future possible prospects of the economy.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Products developed based on informative analysis tends to produce better outcome because the risk factors of the decisions are mitigated by developing mechanisms that ensures that there is no halt in the plans. Another reason for the support of infor mative product analysis is the fact that it will result into less resistance from those to be affected. Given that decisions are based on the information that is available, the process follows a definite stage by stage analysis thus certainty exists (Easton, D. 1953). The fact that there is supportive and irrefutable evidence as to why the policies are designed; it will be an easy task for the policy makers to convince and get the positive support from the public. This goodwill if realized will ensure smooth and in time implementation of the proposed policies. Again, it will result into popularity of the policies hence support necessary for the achievement of the objective will be enhanced. Hoppe, R. (1999) suggests that, in addition analytical products that are purely informative are precluded from the personal influence and biasness. In circumstances where policies are not based on the information that is available, it has been common for those involved in the decision making to m isuse their authority or come up with ideas that are based on their own selfish interest. As a result, the total purpose of the policies have always eluded many nations e.g. this has been responsible for the poor performance of economies in Africa where those honoured with such duties instead use their position to engage in self enriches and protection of personal wealth. However, it may not be feasible for products to be entirely based on information. This is because there is some information that may not be available but is necessary for the analytical products. As a result there may be a need to accommodate to minor extent analytical products without necessarily possessing all information. Risks of developing policy from analytical products There are several risks that are involved in the formulation of policies based on analytical products. Anglin, M.D., Lonshore,D., Turner,S. (1999) argue,to begin with is the risk of subjectivity in analysis. When doing an analysis of a produc t there is a degree of subjectivity that is relative to each and every individual.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Informing and setting policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This may lead to the problem of adverse selection where policies that are developed are not actually pertinent to the situation desired. It may also result into the dropping of an otherwise good policy. The degree of subjectivity is thus necessary for determination before a product is developed. Secondly, there may be the risk of information gap during analysis. In certain circumstances, product analysis does not encompass all the information in the market. This makes the decisions made not all inclusive and the drawback will as well be transferred when policies are made from analytical products. The information that is omitted might have been very crucial in the making of policies or its absence may result into distortion of th e desired content. Finally, there is a problem in the assigning of weights when doing an analysis. In product analysis, many parameters are taking into consideration and the extent to which each premise contributes to the ultimate decisions must be determined. The determination of the weight might cause a difficulty and this will also amount to variation on what decisions are taken during policy formulation as per Lindblom, C. Cohen, D (1979) argument. It is therefore important for the policy developed to be given consideration to the various aspects. The two analyses are very closely related but not actually having the same meaning. Analysis informing policy concerns the issue of creating awareness on the existing policy or getting the ideologies on policies that may be on the pipeline. On the other hand, the analysis in setting policies entails the critical evaluation of the policies that set or are in the process of setting. In analyzing the policies to be set, several procedure s must be followed to ensure that the set policies meet their objective. Analysis informing policies may thus the said to be part of analysis in setting policies as seeking the opinion of the stakeholders is a procedure in the setting of policies. Conclusion In conclusion, policy includes both the two analysis. Since there is that close interrelationship between the three, they must all be put in close consideration whenever there is need to come up with a policy. Policy forms one of the most important parts of daily decision making of all forms of all organizations irrespective of the size and type.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is thus mandatory for the policy making to be done with due diligence and appropriate and qualified gurus should be involved. The process must also be carried out with the desired sobriety and a wider insights given since the policies are mostly for a reasonable or long period of time and there effects may be great. References Anglin, M.D., Lonshore,D., Turner,S. (1999). Treatment alternatives to street and crime: Criminal justice and behavior. Philadelphia: Temple university press. Easton, D. (1953). The Political System. New York: Oxford university press. Hoppe, R. (1999). Policy analysis, science and politics: from speaking truth to power to making sense together’, Science and Public Policy. California: McGraw-Hill College press. Lindblom, C. Cohen, D (1979). Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving. New Haven, Yale University Press. Sanderson, I. (2002), Evaluation, Policy Learning and Evidence-Based Policy Making. Public Administration, 80: 1†“22. doi: 10.1111/1467-9299.00292 Wallace, H., Wallace, W., Pollack, M.A. (eds.) (2005) Policy-Making in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Clientserver essays

Clientserver essays Client/server is the combination of three major technologies: Relational database management systems (RDBMSs), networks, and client interfaces. Clients execute specific local tasks with local resources. Servers provide shared resources and fulfill broad tasks. Communication enables definition and completion of full work processes. Client/Server software Infrastructure With competing paradigms-SQL databases, TP monitors, groupware, and distributed objects-the middleware that connects clients to servers has grown dauntingly complex. Clientserver is the combination of three major technologies: relational DBMS, networks, and client interface (usually GUI/PC based). Each element contributes to the overall platform with very specific roles but is independent of the others in performing its functions. Advantages of the Client/Server Environment Client/server is an open system. The advantages of this environment include: Interoperability, Data integrity, Scalability, Accessibility, Performance, Security, Adaptability, and Affordability. The client/server software architecture is a versatile, message-based modular infrastructure intended to improve usability, flexibility, interoperability, and scalability as compared to a centralized, mainframe, time-sharing computing. A client is defined as a requester of services and a server is defined as the provider of services. A single machine can be both a client and a server depending on the software configuration. As a result of the limitations of file-sharing architectures, the client/server architecture emerged. This approach introduced a database server to replace the file server. Distributed Client/Server Architectures Distributed client/server systems serve environments with mixtures of heterogeneous computers and networks, with users and objects everywhere. Distributed Object Database Management Systems (ODBMSs) provide a mecha ...

Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Briefing Paper - Essay Example Hornby Plc currently has the greatest market opportunity of the toy industry in the upcoming 2012 Christmas season. The firm has to implement a growth strategy this upcoming season to diversify its revenue stream. The company will penetrate ten new consumer markets utilizing an exporting strategy. The firm will implement a passive exporting strategy focused on capitalizing on the season boom that occurs every year on Christmas. The firm will target at least five Latin economies. â€Å"Goldman Sachs forecasts that Brazil and Mexico will be solidly placed within the world’s six largest economies by 2050† (Thecostaricanews, 2012). The Latino toy market has the peculiarity of having two days in which kids receive gifs which are Christmas Day and the 6th of January referred to as Three Wiseman Day. Hornsby will ensure that they have a wide variety of toys by enhancing its supply line of toys. The company is going to increase its number of suppliers to include more high technology toys, bargain toys, and educational toys. Educational toys are great gifts because the toy serves a dual function of entertaining and teaching. These toys help aid the child’s creativity and intellectual growth (Growingtreetoys, 2012). The firm will increase its Chinese supplier of toys. The strategy of increasing suppliers is implemented in order to improve product variety and to increase profitability by lowering acquisition costs. The firm is going to improve its procurement function by acquiring a new information system that will help the firm better access the prices available for toys in the marketplace. The new tactics and strategies at Hornby will only help the firm if the company is able to increase its customer base. The firm needs to pay close attention to its marketing strategies. The firm will reinforce its use of the internet to obtain e-commerce sales. Worldwide e-commerce sales are expected to reach $963 million by the year 2013 (Davis, 2012). The firm should get its

Urban marginality in Los Angeles as seen through the film Boyz N The Essay

Urban marginality in Los Angeles as seen through the film Boyz N The Hood - Essay Example African Americans in the US have been an insignia of perpetual degradation historically as they have been shuttled and chained all the way through the slave economy to the capitalist economy. Charles Scruggs wrote, â€Å"The forms of the invisible city are joined at key points: The invisibility of Afro-Americans in this culture, their reduction to stereotype, is closely related to the phenomena of the mass media and the world of consumer desire, part of an economics of mass consumption† (Scruggs cited in Massood 85). The Significance of Suburbs in Movies Suburb in the movies is used as a contested idea. A vast majority of Americans think of suburb as any type of establishment around a large city’s periphery, though they may be present in small cities as the populations settled around the points of intersection of main highways are also referred to as the suburbs. A movie can be included in the category of suburban movies if it is shot in suburbs for its major part, and also it is important that its characters significantly relate to the imagined or real ethos of the suburbs. The movie Boys N the Hood fulfills these criteria of the suburban movies as hood is the central location of the movie in which all its events happen. A Brief Review of Boys N the Hood The movie Boys N the Hood portrays the life of a group of young African Americans living in South Central Los Angeles, who are struggling to escape the widespread violence in the city. Some are keeping their hopes high to get educated and excel in sports, while others become victims and part of the violent gangs. The movie i s not perfect as it makes an attempt to capture every single challenge that the African Americans living in Los Angeles are exposed to in a matter of just one and a half hours of screen time, that is practically too less to do justice with any of the issues discussed. Too many issues shoved into such a short movie make the whole movie in general and the symbolism in particular appear forced, and the audiences sometimes find the movie unbearably heavy-handed. However, the audiences tend to draw the intended meanings of the sounds and images temporarily abandoning their disbelief in the theater’s darkness, so as to gain full essence of the movie. â€Å"Of course, viewers recognize that movies do not present unfiltered reality: The characters are actors, the speech is scripted, and probably most of the artifacts are phony† (Muzzio and Halper 548). Indeed, filtered reality is in a way, the strength of the movie since the fundamental reason why audiences opt to go to the ci nemas to watch the movies is that they want to have the unfiltered reality of the real world replaced with the filtered reality shown in the movies. Reflection of Urban Marginality in Boyz N The Hood Boyz N the Hood reflects the efforts of young film-literate director of the African American descent, and gives a detailed account of the difficulties experienced by their young protagonists as they come of age. The narrative in Boyz N the Hood has been placed in the geographic boundaries of hood that has precise coordinates i.e. South Central Los Angeles in the case of this film. The selection of hood as the canvas of the story has a solid reason as the hood encompasses a variety of metaphorical meanings that apply to the characters as well as their lives as

Performance Appraisal, Diversity Management, And Employee Essay

Performance Appraisal, Diversity Management, And Employee Participation - Essay Example The leaders of the organization are the key to the success of any organization. They who set the goals, define the mission and vision and work with the employees to get the objectives completed. The problem that the company is facing is due to the lack of leadership qualities shown by the leader and non-satisfactory part played by the managers in performing their roles. Let’s identify some of the problems that are found in the company: Like the case study tells us, most of the top level and middle-level management positions are occupied by white men who share similar interests. This gives an idea that the organization is in control of the white men, and decisions are taken by them. When even white middle managers would spend time with the white top-level managers, the minority groups in the company would feel cut out and would generally blame the management of favoring the whites even if this wasn’t true. So by not having a diverse top management force, the perception o f the minority groups becomes biased. (Ely & Thomas, 2001) The minority groups are complaining about the incorrect and unjustified performance appraisals done. They received lesser points when compared to other white employees and for this very reason, their accusations of discrimination have become certain. Although the management may not be discriminatory and performance appraisal is done solely on merit, but due to the management’s negative attitude towards the minorities, any appraisal done is looked from a critical look.  ... This gives an idea that the organization is in control of the white men, and decisions are taken by them. When even white middle managers would spend time with the white top level managers, the minority groups in the company would feel cut out and would generally blame the management of favoring the whites even if this wasn't true. So by not having a diverse top management force, the perception of the minority groups becomes biased. (Ely & Thomas, 2001) 2. Injustices to the Minority Groups The minority groups are complaining about the incorrect and unjustified performance appraisals done. They received lesser points when compared to other white employees and for this very reason their accusations for discrimination have become certain. Although the management may not be discriminatory and performance appraisal is done solely on merit, but due to the management's negative attitude towards the minorities, any appraisal done is looked from a critical look. (Ely & Thomas, 2001) 3. Lack of Knowledge and Trained Human Resource Staff The company has a HR team however the team hasn't been able to fulfill its responsibilities as yet. Not enough knowledge is imparted to the employees about employee appraisal and diversity at the work place which is turning the company into a non-diverse white men company. Such a company can only be successful to an extent since diversity brings in new challenges and with it, it brings creativity. (French, 2006) 4. No Motivation for Minority Groups Minority groups are not finding any luck on their sides. They see no benefits for working and hence some have even resigned from their jobs. Since there is no encouragement, motivation, rewards and appreciation

Hero Myth - Achilles Essay Example for Free

Hero Myth Achilles Essay The concept of the hero is as old as myth itself. Throughout history both concepts have evolved together. Myths tell tales of the adventures of man, frequently the son of a god or goddess and a human, who is endowed with great promise and destined to perform great feats. Often these feats involve acts of rescue, war or protection. This heroic myth is rooted in the ideal of familial romance. Particularly during adolescence it sustains and expresses the identification of the ego with idealized imagery. The hero myths have been used for centuries to educate and train youths as parts of institutions and groups. One example of a hero is Achilles, made famous through Homer’s epic Illiad. While we may not look at myths today in the same ways as our ancient forebears, the hero myth is still alive and well in our culture today. Achilles was the hero of the Trojan war as related by Homer in the Illiad. He was the mightiest of the Trojan warriors. He began life as a demigod, the son of Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons and a mortal, and Thetis who was a Nereid. The Myrmidons were legendary warriors, very skilled and brave. Nereids are sea nymphs being the daughters of Nereus and Doris. Thetis was very concerned that her son was a mortal. Therefore she attempted to make him immortal. There are two stories of how she wet about this. The lesser-known story is that she burned him in a fire nightly and then healed his wounds with a magical ambrosia. The more well-known story is that she held him tightly by the heel and submersed him in the river Styx. This made his entire body invulnerable except for the spot on his heel where she held him while he was in the river. During Achilles’ boyhood, a seer named Calchas prophesied that Troy would not fall without help from Achilles. Knowing that he would die if he went to Troy, Thetis sent Achilles to the court of Lycomedes in Scyros. He was hidden there in the guise of a young girl. While at the court he had a romance with Deidameia who was the daughter of Lycomedes. The result was a son who was named Pyrrhus. The disguise finally came to an end when Odysseus exposed Achilles by placing arms and armor amongst a display of female garments and picked Achilles out when he was the only â€Å"female† to be interested in the war equipment. Achilles then willingly joined Odysseus on the journey to Troy. He led a host of his father’s Myrmidon troops in addition to his utor Phoenix and his friend Patroclus. Once in Troy, Achilles quickly gained the reputation as an undefeatable warrior. One of his most notable feats was the capture of 23 Trojan towns. One of these was Lyrnessos where he took a war prize in the form of a woman named Briseis. The central action of the Illiad was sparked when Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks, was forced to give up his war-prize woman, Chryseis, by an oracle of Apollo. As compensation for the loss of Chryseis, Agamemnon took Briseis from Achilles. Thus enraged, Achilles refused to continue fighting for the Greeks. With Achilles’ withdrawal from the action, the war started to go badly for the Greeks and they offered large reparations to try to lure back their greatest warrior. Achilles continued to refuse to rejoin the war, however, he did agree to allow his close friend Patroclus to don his arms and armor and fight in his place. The next day Hector, a Trojan hero, mistook Patroclus for Achilles and killed Patroclus. Achilles was engulfed with rage at Hector and consumed by grief for his friend’s death. Thetis went to Hephaestus and obtained fabulous new armor for Achilles. Achilles recommenced fighting and killed Hector. Not satisfied with Hector’s death, Achilles used his chariot to drag the body before the walls of Troy and refused the corpse funeral rites. Hector’s father Priam, the king of Troy, went secretly to the Greek camp to beg the return of the body. Finally, Achilles relented and allowed Priam to take Hector’s remains. After Hector’s death time started to run out for Achilles. He continued to fight heroically and killed many Trojans as well as their allies. Eventually, Paris, who was another of Priam’s sons, enlisted the aid of Apollo and wounded Achilles in his weak spot – the heel – with an arrow. This caused Achilles death. The enduring legend from the story of Achilles has to do with the concept of the Achilles’ heel. An Achilles’ heel has come to mean that despite overall strength, there is a mortal weakness that can lead to one’s downfall. While the original myth refers to a physical weakness, in modern times it has come to reference other types of character flaws or qualities that can cause ruination. The concept of the hero has changed somewhat in our modern culture. Instead of daring people who buck trends and traditions in order to help their families, nations or cultures, today we tend to revere people like sports figures and actors. While we have the occasional government or political leader such as Winston Churchill, Martin Luther King or Nelson Mandela, most of what you hear about is who is making the most money due to their sports or acting ability. The concept of the sports figure hero can have some validity as these figures do occasionally overcome great odds and perform daring feats on the modern â€Å"battlefield†, i. e. , the sports arena. However, this is nothing compared to the feats of the ancient heros. Hero myths are powerful stories from ancient times. So powerful are they that they cross cultures and ages, continuing to influence us today. Achilles was one of the great heros of ancient times as the mightiest warrior of the Trojan war. While who we classify as a hero has changed in our modern societies, we still look to the concept today. We teach young people about heros as a method to inspire them. We look to our heros as adults to give us guidance and to give us something to guide our hopes and dreams. While modern heros may not be of Achilles’ status, they remain an integral part of our cultures.

Defining And Understanding A Formwork System Construction Essay

Defining And Understanding A Formwork System Construction Essay Nowadays, construction industry in Malaysia is a mature industry. The Malaysia construction sector is regarded as a catalyst for growth while its own performance serves as an indicator to the nations economy. It is supported by a fraternity of construction player encompass developers, contractors, building material and equipment, suppliers, manufacturers, financiers, regulators and other in the value chain (Lynda, 2006). Formwork system is defined as the system of support for freshly placed concrete including the mould or sheathing which contacts the concrete as well as supporting members, hardware, and necessary bracing. Formwork system development has paralleled the growth of concrete construction throughout the twentieth century. Both designers and builders are aware of the need of construction industry in order to develop creative innovations from traditional method to improve quality and economy in the face of incoming construction industry challenges. Formwork is the largest cost component for a typical multistory reinforced concrete building. It normally cost account around 40% to 60% of the cost of the concrete frame and for approximately 10% of the total building cost. Besides, the demands and requirement of the clients have continued to grow and it is essential to find ways to build faster, cheaper and better quality building. Consequently, cost, productivity and quality of formwork system is variable by the system and material choosing. Therefore, consider as much as issue possible must be done before make the decision of choosing formwork. Definition of Formwork Formwork is a temporary boarding or sheeting erected to contain freshly placed and compacted concrete until it has gained sufficient strength to be self-supporting. The appearance of the finished concrete depends on the face texture and stiffness of the formwork. (Dictionary of Quarrying Terms) Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds. (Wiki Answer) Definition of Steel Wall Form System Steel is a material generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron and carbon, usually containing between 0.2 and 1.5 percent carbon, often with other constituents such as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon, depending on the desired alloy properties, and widely used as a structural material. Steel wall form system is one of the Engineered Formwork systems. (Answer.com) This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal frame (usually steel and aluminum) and covered on the application (concrete) side with material having the wanted surface structure (steel, timber, etc.). The two major advantages of formwork systems, compared to traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction (modular systems clip or screw together quickly) and lower life-cycle costs (barring major force, the frame is almost indestructible, while the covering may have to be replaced after a few or a few dozen uses, depending on the applications). (Nation Master.com) Definition of Conventional Timber formwork Conventional Timber formwork is also as known as Traditional timber formwork. The formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the timber facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it. (Nation Master.com) Background of Research Formwork is the single largest cost component of a concrete buildings structural frame. The cost of formwork exceeds the cost of the concrete or steel, and in some situation the formwork costs more than the concrete and steel combined. (Robert Leroy Peurifoy, Garold D. Oberlender, 1996) For some structures, deciding the priority of the formwork design allow to reduce the total frame costs by as much as 25%. This reduction involved direct cost and indirect cost. Formwork is one of the main components in a project, it efficiencies in accelerate the construction schedule in order to reduce interest cost, labour cost, machinery cost and etc during construction and early complete for the project. (Formwork for Structure, 1996) Formwork can be categorized into two types, which are conventional timber formwork and system formwork. Conventional timber formwork is the most common type of formwork, local contractors are already familiar and get used with this method. System formwork is a new technology which introduced by Industrialized Building Systems. Based on lack of knowledge on this technology, local contractor still refused to apply this method in project broadly. The main reason they refused to applied this technology is cost of conventional formwork is much lower than IBS or the technology of it. Justification of Research Presently, high rise building project is increasing in Malaysia. It consider as the main trends in Malaysias development policy. Steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork both is the main method to construct a building. The contribution of this research will be explorer and analyzed in order to allow provided information to allow contractor in placing formwork design. Problems Statement Adapting the usage of Industry Building Systems in the construction of high rise building had significantly giving advantages in various aspects, such as reducing the construction cost, speed of construction, minimizing manpower, environmentally friendly, improved site safety and better quality construction (Shaari 2004). In order to obtain the advantages of IBS, during pre-planning stage, contractor has to decide which type of formwork is most suitable to be use in the project before contractor tender the project. For a consultant, he must have well sensed in selecting the suitable formwork system to satisfy clients requirement. Therefore, this dissertation will suggest and provide a detail of comparison of costing and productivity between steel shear wall form and conventional timber formwork for high rise building to contractor and consultant. Consequently, they are able to choose suitable formwork system instead of increase quality and productivity of work, and save time and cost in the same time. Objectives of Study The aim of this research is to compare and find out whether steel wall form system or conventional timber formwork is more suitable in high rise residential building construction. The specific objectives were: To analyze and cost and labor force required for both types of formwork system. To define and study productivity of steel wall form and conventional timber formwork. To study into different quality outcome from the both formwork system. To compare of costing and productivity between steel wall form and conventional timber formwork. Scope of Project This research will focus on the local projects that are using steel shear wall form and traditional formwork system. The study is limited to high-rise residential building construction. Site visit to the high rise residential building project will be carry out in this research. One project will be sampled for this research with two different of formwork system for wall only. Research Methodology Desk Study The data, information and reference materials will be collected through reference books, journals, magazines, newspaper and etc will be major tunnels for me to gather information for my research title. Initial study is carried out by comprehensive review on the literature on all the resources, to gain the basic understanding and ground theory on the relevant topics and area, which then be used in generating useful information and data. Internet Research Internet is a major tool to allow me finds out the information about steel shear wall form and traditional timber formwork. It also enables me to get the latest information which is related with my dissertation. Site Visit Throughout site visit, it allow me to understand the method of the construction in apply both different types of formwork in detail. Interview will be carrying out during the construction site visit. The people to be interview included contractors and other relevant party. Case study Case study about steel and timber formwork system used in high rise residential construction will be carried out. Interview will be carried out during the construction site visit. The people to be interview included contractor, project managers and other relevant party. Chapter Organization Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter has been a general introduction to dissertation research and outlines the main aims and objectives of this dissertation. It also consists of clarity of problem statement and justification of the research before to start this research. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter explains and describes the characteristic and the usage for the steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork. It wills emphasis in the usage of both type of formwork in local high rise residential building construction. Besides, this chapter is going to introduces steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork in costing, productivity, quality, advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter will explain the process of the whole dissertation and the type of research Methodology. The method of collect data, information and analysis will be explained in this chapter Chapter 4: Data Collection This chapter will be completed by carried out one case study in order to understand in more detail of the steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork. Besides, a structured interview is conducted for analysis. Data and photographs will be show as an evidence for case studies. Chapter 5: Data analysis This chapter carries out analysis and discussion of the data collected from the interviewer and case study. The data analysis will included cost analysis, productivity analysis, quality analysis and manpower analysis. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter includes the objectives review of this dissertation. All the studies on this dissertation will be concluded in this chapter too. There will be further recommendation of this A Study on Cost, Productivity and Quality Comparison of Using Steel Wall Form System and Conventional Timber Formwork in Residential High Rise Building.